பழனிக்கு அருகில் தென்மேற்கில் இருக்கும் பொருந்தல் என்ற கிராமத்தில் 2009ஆம் ஆண்டு மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட அகழ்வாய்வின்போது பெருங்கற்காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த நெல்லும், தமிழ் பிராமி பொறிப்பு கொண்ட புரிமனையும், சவஅடக்கம் செய்யும் தாழிகள் போன்றவை கண்டுடெடுக்கப் பட்டுள்ளன. இவை கி.மு 490 ஆம் ஆண்டைச் சேர்ந்தவை என்ற அறிவியல் ஆய்வின் முடிவால் தெரியவந்திருக்கிறது.
கண் டெடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இந்த சவஅடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்ட தாழிகள் பல அரிய பொருள்களைத் தந்துள்ளன. இரண்டு கிலோ நெல் உள்ளே வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த நான்கு கால் கொண்ட ஜாடி ஒன்றும், வா-அய்-ரா என்ற தமிழ் பிராமி எழுத்துகள் பொறிக்கப்பட்ட இரண்டு மோதிர தாங்கிகள் ஆகியவை இதில் அடக்கம். அமெரிக்காவின் பிடா பகுத் தாய்வு நிறுவனத்தால் இந்த நெல் கி.மு.490 காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது என அக்சலேட்டர் மாஸ் ஸ்பெக்ட்ரோமெட்ரி முறையில் கணக்கிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆய்வு தரும் முடிவுகள், அசோகருக்கு முந்தைய காலத்திய பண்டைய தமிழகத்தில் தமிழ் பிராமி எழுத்துகள் பயன்படுத்தப் பட்டுள்ளன. கி.மு. 500 காலத்தில் தமிழகத்தில் நெல் சாகுபடி நடந்து வந்துள்ளது.
தமிழ் மொழிநடை 2000/2500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் உருவாக வேண்டுமெனில், நெடுங்காலம் முன்னரே மொழி தோன்றியிருக்க வேண்டும். இனக்குழுக்கள் ஒத்திசைவாய் புழங்கியிருக்க வேண்டும். இனக்குழுக்கள் திரண்டு ஓரினமாகுஞ் சூழல் ஏற்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும். அண்டை அயலோடும், கடல்வழியும், கொடுக்கல் வாங்கல் கூடியிருக்க வேண்டும். பொருளியல் செறிந்திருக்க வேண்டும். எனவே தமிழர்களே உரக்க கூறுங்கள், நாங்கள் பத்தாயிரத்திற்கும் மேற்ப்பட்ட ஆண்டுகளின் வரலாற்றை உடையவர்கள் என்று.
மலேசியாவிலிருந்து வெளியாகும் வல்லினம் என்ற இணையதள கட்டுரை
கண் டெடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இந்த சவஅடக்கம் செய்யப்பட்ட தாழிகள் பல அரிய பொருள்களைத் தந்துள்ளன. இரண்டு கிலோ நெல் உள்ளே வைக்கப்பட்டிருந்த நான்கு கால் கொண்ட ஜாடி ஒன்றும், வா-அய்-ரா என்ற தமிழ் பிராமி எழுத்துகள் பொறிக்கப்பட்ட இரண்டு மோதிர தாங்கிகள் ஆகியவை இதில் அடக்கம். அமெரிக்காவின் பிடா பகுத் தாய்வு நிறுவனத்தால் இந்த நெல் கி.மு.490 காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்தது என அக்சலேட்டர் மாஸ் ஸ்பெக்ட்ரோமெட்ரி முறையில் கணக்கிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆய்வு தரும் முடிவுகள், அசோகருக்கு முந்தைய காலத்திய பண்டைய தமிழகத்தில் தமிழ் பிராமி எழுத்துகள் பயன்படுத்தப் பட்டுள்ளன. கி.மு. 500 காலத்தில் தமிழகத்தில் நெல் சாகுபடி நடந்து வந்துள்ளது.
தமிழ் மொழிநடை 2000/2500 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் உருவாக வேண்டுமெனில், நெடுங்காலம் முன்னரே மொழி தோன்றியிருக்க வேண்டும். இனக்குழுக்கள் ஒத்திசைவாய் புழங்கியிருக்க வேண்டும். இனக்குழுக்கள் திரண்டு ஓரினமாகுஞ் சூழல் ஏற்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும். அண்டை அயலோடும், கடல்வழியும், கொடுக்கல் வாங்கல் கூடியிருக்க வேண்டும். பொருளியல் செறிந்திருக்க வேண்டும். எனவே தமிழர்களே உரக்க கூறுங்கள், நாங்கள் பத்தாயிரத்திற்கும் மேற்ப்பட்ட ஆண்டுகளின் வரலாற்றை உடையவர்கள் என்று.
மலேசியாவிலிருந்து வெளியாகும் வல்லினம் என்ற இணையதள கட்டுரை
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உயர்வகைக் கல் மணிகள் (கார்னீலியன் அணிகலன்கள்)
"கார்னீலியன்" என்பது ஒருவகை மதிப்பு மிக்க கல் வகையாகும். தமிழகத்தில் இவ் வகைக் கற்கள், மணிகள், மோதிரங்கள் போன்ற அணிகலன்கள் செய்ய இரும்புக்காலத்திலும் சங்ககாலத்திலும் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டன.
சிறப்பு:
இது ஆழ்ந்த சிவப்பு நிறமுடைய கல் வகையாகும். பாகிஸ்தானிலுள்ள மெஹ்ர்கரில் சுமார் 6000 வருடங்களுக்கு முன் இது பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. சிந்துவெளி நாகரிக காலத்திலிருந்து இது அணிகலன்கள் செய்ய அதிகமாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டு வருகின்றது.
அணிகலன்கள் உண்டாக்கும் முறை:
இது கால்சிடொனி (chalcedony) என்ற இயற்கையாகச் சிறு சிறு கூழாங்களாக வட இந்தியா மற்றும் தக்காணப்பகுதிகளில் கிடைக்கின்றது. இக்கல்லைச் சூடு படுத்தி கார்னீலியனின் சிவப்பு நிறம் பெறப்படுகின்றது.
செய்யும் முறை:
சூடுபடுத்தப்பட்டு சிவப்பு நிறம் பெற்ற கார்னீலியன் கூழாங்கற்களிலிருந்து சிறு, சிறு செதில்கள் (மான் கொம்பாலான சுத்தியல் கொண்டு) உடைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்டு, செய்யப்படவேண்டிய அணிகலனின் தற்காலிக வடிவம் பெறப்படுகின்றது. பின்னர் இதில் மேலும் சிறுசிறு செதில்கள் உடைத்து எடுக்கப்பட்டு, வேண்டிய வடிவம் பெறப்படுகின்றது. பிறகு மணிகள் துளையிடப்படுகின்றன. இதில் துளையிடுவதற்குப் பலமணி நேரம் ஆகும் என கணக்கிடப்படுகின்றது. பின்னர், அது நன்கு தேய்க்கப்பட்டு மெருகேற்றப்படுகின்றது.
கிடைத்த இடங்கள்:
இவ்வகை மணிகள் ஆயிரக்கணக்கில் பெருங்கற்கால மற்றும் சங்க கால வாழ்விடங்களில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. பெருங்கற்கால ஈமச்சின்னங்களில் கார்னீலியன் மணிகள் காணப்படுகின்றன. கொடுமணல், தண்டிக்குடி, பொருந்தல் மற்றும் பிற இடங்களில் இது கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. வரலாற்றுத் தொடக்கக்கால வாழ்விடங்களில் மணிகள், மோதிரங்கள், மோதிரங்களில் பதிக்கும் கற்கள், மற்றும் பதக்கம் (cameo) ஆகியவை செய்ததற்கான சான்றுகள் கிடைக்கின்றன.
Porunthal Excavation
The Site
Porunthal (77° 28’ 38” E; 10° 22’ 58” N), a tiny village discovered in June 2009, lies on the left bank of the river Porunthilaru at the foothill of the Western Ghat about 12 km southwest Palani. This site discovered by V.P Yathees Kumar in 2006.This historical village lies close to the major trade routes connecting Pandya capital Madurai on the south and Chera capital Vanji on the west. The site was excavated between May and June 2009. Historically, the village Porunthal was part of the territorial division known as Vaikavur nadu, named after the main village Vaikavur or Aviyur. This village was considered as part of present pilgrimage town Palani, the ancient Pothini. One of the famous Vel chieftains who ruled this region was Vel-Avi-k-ko-p-perum-pekan, who belongs to a clan group named Aviyar-kudi. The Sangam poet Porunthil Ilangiranar who hailed from this village composed a poem (Purananuru 53) in praise of Chera king Mantharal Cheral Irumporai, who believed to be issued inscribed coins with a title Kollipporai datable to 1st century AD.
Coin Hoards
Among the Roman coin hoards that encountered in India, nearly 90% of coin hoards were unearthed in Chera country along trade routes. One such coin hoard, accounting to 63 gold coins, discovered at Kalaiyamuttur on the left bank of river Porunthilaru in 1856, about 8 km down the stream from the site Porunthal suggests its importance. Other important archaeological sites that yielded Roman coin hoards in its vicinity were Budhinattam, Pollachi, Dharapuram and Karur.
Trade Guild inscriptions
Historically important medieval trade guild inscriptions issued by the trade guilds Ainurruvar/Tisai-ayirattu-
Porunthal and its archaeological settings
All archaeological vestiges like habitation mound, Iron Age burials, historical temples and inscriptions lie on the left bank of river Porunthilaru. The habitation mound covering an area of about 5.5 ha of elevated field locally called paci-medu meaning bead mound (paci > bead; medu > mound) lies south of Marutha-kali-amman-koil. In support of this name, innumerable beads and bangles made of glass and paste were collected on the surface. The site might have survived for a longer period of time as bead manufacturing centre as attested by the occurrence fragments of tuyere, slag and furnace material. A fragmentary inscription datable to 12th century AD noticed on the slab, placed as a part of door jam of the medieval temple Marutha-kali-amman-koil, mentions this village as Porunthal. Early Historic grave yard, consist of stone circles entombing cist numbering around 50, was noticed at the foothill near the present hamlets Chinnagandhipuram. Besides, such Iron Age graves were noticed in the vicinity of Porunthal in the places at Ravimangalam, Puliyamarattusettu. Periyaduraikombai and Salpulparai.
Aims and Objectives of the Excavations
¨ To understand the cultural and chronological sequence of the site
¨ To study the spacio-temporal organization of the settlement
¨ To investigate the nature of glass bead making industry
¨ To evaluate the cultural transformation from Iron Age to Early Historic
¨ To understand the contextual position of the site in the Indo-Roman Trade
¨ To estimate the literacy status of the society during Early Historic times
Methodology
The Excavation was conceived as multidisciplinary archaeological research with involvement of archaeologists, geologists, palaeo-botanists, epigraphists, numismatics, archaeo-zoologists and palaeontologists. These scholars cutting across multi-disciplinary spectrum were visited during the excavation. Besides, several scientific institutions and laboratories like French Institute of Pondicherry, Paddy Processing Research Institute, Chemical Laboratory of Madras Museum and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University were associated with the post-excavation analysis.
Habitation Cuttings
In total, three trenches were laid one on southern part of the habitation mound and the remaining two at the central part. The two trenches were laid adjacent to each other in east-west orientation yielded similar cultural deposit. The material recovered from 250 cm cultural deposit suggests to a tentative date of 1st century BC and 3rd century AD. On the surface of the floor, several antiquities like glass and paste beads, glass bangles, pendent, copper bell, terracotta ear lopes, hopscotch, terracotta weight, gamesmen, stopper, spout, glass slag, bones, brick pieces, stone pebbles, gold pendent, ivory weight, etc., were recovered.
Glass Polishing Furnace
An oval shaped glass polishing furnace, with hearth side wall intact, was exposed almost at the centre of the floor with 60 glass beads. Two holes probably used for placing the bellow and a flat stone used by the glass-smith and several identical red ware bowls with wide mouth and narrow bottom were noticed in association with furnace. These bowls, placed around the furnace, might have been used in the workshop to keep the glass beads in heated condition. Several triangular terracotta pieces were recovered in association with these bowls. These terracotta pieces might have used to polish the glass surface. The non-availability of glass slag, raw material for producing beads, tyueres and waste material clearly points to the fact this furnace might have restricted to the use of polishing the glass beads. Several hundreds of glass beads were encountered above this floor. Quite interestingly, the regular household pots used in the day to day domestic life were missing. All the pots recovered from these two trenches points to industrial activity rather than domestic activity. The occurrence of more than 2000 beads also supports this view.
Antiquities
Human terracotta figurine, gold piece, copper coin, terracotta humped bull, a terracotta female head and several pots and bowls were recovered. Besides, charred grains like paddy and seeds of tamarind were recovered at this stage. The important antiquities recovered from these trenches were beads made of glass, paste, quartz, shell, garnet and terracotta. Bangle pieces came from glass and shell. The terracotta objects like ear lobes, ear rings, games men, hook, hopscotch, spindle whorl, ball and cart-wheel are some of the interesting objects recovered from these cuttings. In case of metal objects iron arrow heads, knives and nails were collected sparingly. Likewise a copper ring and a bell were also collected. Two pendants one made gold and another of glass were also unearthed. Among the weights (presumably), made of quartz and ivory, were of note worthy.
Terracotta Figurines
The well-modelled human (male?) figurine with prominent human facial feature made out of pinching method has elongated body, broad shoulder and short legs, all suggestive of archaic figure generally dated to 1st century AD. Such unique terracotta figurines were not reported elsewhere in Tamil Nadu. In addition to these figurines, three torso figurines were recovered. Besides, a female head was recovered. The head with curling hairs was shown with prominent elongated ear. Near to these figurines, a square (Sangam Age ?) copper coin was also recovered.
Brick Structure
A brick structure was exposed on the north-eastern corner of the third trench. The brick wall with five courses was raised over a base made of 20 cm thick clay foundation. The bricks were laid using the English bond method. The size of the brick is 7x21x42 cm and 8x24x48 cm in the ratio of 1:3:6 cm. The stretcher and header method was adapted alternatively.
General observations
¨ The site was an industrial site involved with manufacture of the glass beads
¨ The inhabitants were rarely involved in agricultural production
¨ Glass manufacturing activities are more at lower levels when compare with the upper levels.
¨ Green beads were manufactured in larger quantities in early period and paste red beads in later periods.
¨ The occurrence of terracotta human figurines suggests their external contact.
¨ Though they were involved with the mass production of glass beads, their external trade contact was kept at minimal level. They might have involved in the manufacturing of beads rather than marketing. Marketing of these beads would have taken place at some other marketing sites, probably located along the trade routes.
Excavation of a Grave
The graveyard covering an area of 2 ha lies at the eastern side of the foothill of Tannasiyappanmalai. Among the graves, the one found in the cultivated field near to the main road was selected for excavation. The east facing transepted cist with passage on the east was placed almost at the centre of the circle. Grave goods were placed inside the northern and southern chambers and in the passage. Besides, grave goods were also noticed outside the chamber but mostly within the circle. Grave goods were placed at two levels. The first level of grave goods was noticed on the floor slab and the second level of grave goods was noticed at the porthole level. In case of northern chamber, almost all the grave goods except a pot were placed at the floor level. In case of southern chamber, the grave goods were placed at the floor level in all the three compartments/partitions but in a limited quantity. However, several grave goods were placed on the bench slab at the second level. The ritual performed in this grave was of high standard.
Both the northern and southern chambers were met with several pots like four legged jars, plates, ring stands, bowls, miniature bowls and antiquities like stirrups, beads, arrow heads, skeletal remains, swords, pots and knife. One of the legged jars carried the paddy, close to 2 kg, in comparatively better state of preservation. All the above grave goods were packed in a limited area on the western most part of the northern chamber. Next to this, on its east, the most important ring stand was noticed. This red slipped ring stand was placed in a vertical position on the floor slab. Around this 22 etched carnelian was placed. Of these 22 beads, two were button-shaped and remaining 20 beads were barrel in shape. Further, 4 more etched carnelian beads, a small sword and an arrow head were placed inside the ring stand. The tip of the sword and the arrow head were placed pointing upward. Of the 4 beads, one is a button-shaped but broken. An iron sword, in east-west orientation with tip on its west, was placed on the northern side of the above ring stand. The sword was placed close to northern orthostat. One of the important points to be observed is that all the ring stands that placed in this grave were made fresh and interned as grave good but the ring stand under discussion was a used one, probably, belonged to the deceased one. On his death, this would have brought and placed in the chamber and some important ritual might have performed.
Tamil-Brahmi Inscription
Above all, the ring stand under discussion had five post-firing graffiti marks engraved on the exterior surface of the shoulder portion of the ring stand. Four marks engraved on one side and the remaining one was on the opposite side. The four marks were placed facing west and the remaining solitary graffito on its opposite facing east. Of the four graffiti marks, three graffiti marks were Tamil-Brahmi scripts reading va-y-ra. These were smaller in size when compare with the fourth graffiti engraved next to these three scripts. The last symbol is identical to the one, both in size and shape that were found in most of the pots placed as grave goods in this grave. The fifth symbol engraved on the opposite side of the ring stand was identical to the fourth symbol. The Tamil-Brahmi script, graffiti marks, carnelian beads, an iron sword and an arrow head found in association with ring stand clearly points to the importance given by them. This ring stand, as said above, was placed close to human bone pieces placed over the broken legged jar and in the ring stand. The contextual position of the ring stand clearly points to its importance. Near to the orthostat, two long iron swords with a bunch of arrow heads close to its tip portion were observed. Besides, three set of iron stirrups were placed. Over these iron objects, bone pieces were placed in a black and red ware plate. In total, this chamber yielded beads of etched carnelian, agate, quartz and steatite totalling more than 8000 beads.
Highlights of the excavation
Discovery of
v Glass polishing furnace
v Highest number of glass beads (1744)
v Terracotta figurine of 1st century AD
v Highest number of beads (8533) from a single grave
v Highest number of quartz beads (328) from a single grave
v Highest number of steatite micro beads (7020) from a single grave
v Evidence of paddy
v Two inscribed ring stands with Tamil-Brahmi script from a grave
Excavation Team
Excavation Director : Dr.K.Rajan, Professor & Head, Dept. of History, Pondicherry
University
Site Supervisors : Mr. Yathees Kumar M.A., M.Phil
Mr. S.Selvakumar, M.A., M.Phil
Dr.G.Babu, M.A., Ph.D
Mr. M.Prasanna, M.A., M.Phil
Mr. R.Ramesh, M.A., M.Phil
Mr.Sandeep Shetty M.A., M.Phil
Mr. R. Ezhilraman M.A., M.Phil
Mr. A.Perumal M.A., M.Phil
Besides, Ph.D scholars, M.Phil and Postgraduate students from Mangalore University, Sri.Venkateswara University, Tamil University and Pondicherry University actively participated and got trained in the explorations and excavation techniques. The several scholars cutting across disciplines visited the site during the excavations and rendered valuable academic input for the better understanding of the site.
sir i saw in 6th social book kozhumunai mentioned in tamil. can you explain what is ?
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